Artificial intelligence-aided colonoscopic differential diagnosis between Crohn's disease and gastrointestinal tuberculosis.

Background and aim: Differentiating between Crohn's disease (CD) and gastrointestinal tuberculosis (GITB) is challenging. We aimed to evaluate the clinical applicability of an artificial intelligence (AI) model for this purpose.

Methods: The AI model was developed and assessed using an internal dataset comprising 1,132 colonoscopy images of CD and 1,045 colonoscopy images of GITB at a tertiary referral center. Its stand-alone performance was further evaluated in an external dataset comprising 67 colonoscopy images of 17 CD patients and 63 colonoscopy images of 14 GITB patients from other institutions. Additionally, a crossover trial involving three expert endoscopists and three trainee endoscopists compared AI-assisted and unassisted human interpretations.

Results: In the internal dataset, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the AI model in distinguishing between CD and GITB were 95.3%, 100.0%, and 97.7%, respectively, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.997. In the external dataset, the AI model exhibited a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 77.8%, 85.1%, and 81.5%, respectively, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.877. In the human endoscopist trial, AI assistance increased the pooled accuracy of the six endoscopists from 86.2% to 88.8% (P = 0.010). While AI did not significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy for the experts (96.7% with AI vs 95.6% without, P = 0.360), it significantly improved accuracy for the trainees (81.0% vs 76.7%, P = 0.002).

Conclusions: This AI model shows potential in aiding the accurate differential diagnosis between CD and GITB, particularly benefiting less experienced endoscopists.