Stress and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Review of the Literature.

The human body has the ability to adapt to changing circumstances, and mobilizes various biological systems in order to do so. When exposed to stressful conditions, the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems come together to aid in maintaining homeostasis; however, during periods of chronic stress, these systems can become maladaptive and lead to long-term detrimental health outcomes. Amongst the lingering effects associated with chronic stress exposure, increasingly, studies are identifying a link to adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. This review explores what has been uncovered in the field to date, and examines the effects of stress on fertility and gestation. Establishing additional factors which put women at risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes can aid in identifying a vulnerable population who could benefit from early stress-reducing interventions.