Mechanisms of Metal-Induced Hepatic Inflammation.

Purpose of review: Worldwide, there is an increasing prevalence of hepatic diseases. The most common diseases include alcoholic-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease/ metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MAFLD/MASH) and viral hepatitis. While there are many important mediators of these diseases, there is increasing recognition of the importance of the inflammatory immune response in hepatic disease pathogenesis.

Recent findings: Hepatic inflammation triggers the onset and progression of liver diseases. Chronic and sustained inflammation can lead to fibrosis, then cirrhosis and eventually end-stage cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma. Importantly, growing evidence suggest that metal exposure plays a role in hepatic disease pathogenesis. While in recent years, studies have linked metal exposure and hepatic steatosis, studies emphasizing metal-induced hepatic inflammation are limited. Hepatic inflammation is an important hallmark of fatty liver disease. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr)-induced hepatic inflammation as they contribute to hepatic toxicity and to identify data gaps for future investigation.