Clinical, Histopathological, and Immunophenotypic Spectrum of Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma: Eight Years’ Data of a Tertiary Care Center from North India

Background/Aims

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is an uncommon vascular tumor that commonly affects the liver. Hepatic EHE (HEHE) presents with variable clinical and histopathological features. We describe detailed clinico-histopathological features, differential diagnosis, and treatment outcomes of the cases of HEHE diagnosed in our center.

Methods

All cases of HEHE diagnosed in our institute in the last eight years (2016–2023) were reviewed (n = 8; 11 samples) (total 36 cases of EHE; 22.2%). The clinical features, radiology, histopathology, immunophenotype, molecular features, and treatment outcomes of all cases were evaluated.

Results

The median age of presentation was 49.5 years with a female: male ratio of 7:1. Abdominal pain was the commonest presentation. Approximately two-thirds of the patients had multifocal lesions. Histopathology showed purely epithelioid, predominantly epithelioid, and predominantly spindle-cell morphology in 50%, 25%, and 25%, respectively. All cases showed typical myxohyaline/fibrous stroma and organized thrombi of the portal/central veins. CD31 was the most commonly used immunostain with positivity in all cases. CAMTA1 break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization was positive in 75% of cases, while none showed TFE3 immunopositivity. Chemotherapy was the most commonly employed therapy (n = 5) followed by surgery (n = 2). The median duration of follow-up was 26 months. Five patients were alive with disease (two patients ≥3 years), one patient died of sudden cardiac death, and two patients were lost to follow-up. Two patients developed metastatic disease at follow-up.

Conclusions

We describe the clinico-histopathological features and differential diagnosis of HEHE. This appears to be the largest case series of HEHE from India.