Enhancing the anticancer effect of metformin through nanoencapsulation: Apoptotic induction, inflammatory reduction, and suppression of cell migration in colorectal cancer cells.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a significant health challenge, necessitating the development of efficient therapeutic strategies. Drug repurposing, which involves the use of existing medications for new purposes, presents a promising opportunity. Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug, has demonstrated potential anticancer effects. To enhance its efficacy, we formulated nano-metformin, metformin encapsulated within pectin nanoparticles. Our study aimed to evaluate the superiority of nano-metformin over free metformin in treating CRC. The cytotoxicity of both metformin and nano-metformin on Caco-2 CRC cells was assessed using the MTT assay, revealing a significant dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth using nano-metformin. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated by measuring the levels of nitric oxide and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and IL-6 following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction, and the results revealed that treating LPS-induced cells with nano-metformin significantly reduced the production of these inflammatory mediators. To elucidate the mechanism of cell death, we employed an acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining assay, which revealed the enhancement of apoptotic cell death following treatment with nano-metformin. Additionally, we examined the expression of key apoptotic regulators using real-time qPCR. Nano-metformin, in particular, significantly downregulated the expression of the antiapoptotic markers Bcl-2 and Survivin while upregulating the proapoptotic caspases 3, 7, and 9. The comet assay revealed significant DNA damage induced by treatment with the nano-metformin compared with that in the free form. Moreover, nano-metformin significantly reduced the migration ability of cells. In conclusion, our work revealed the superior efficacy of our formulated nanoform over free metformin, highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic agent for CRC treatment.