{"title":"探索健康与自付医疗费用之间的关系：中国中老年人的证据》。","authors":"Jingyi Gao","doi":"10.3390/healthcare12212137","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>With population aging, disability and chronic conditions are increasingly prevalent among middle-aged and older adults in China. Using panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2018, this paper explores the effects of Activities of Daily Living limitations, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living limitations, and chronic conditions on Out-of-Pocket Expenditures (OOPEs) among middle-aged and older adults in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A first-difference model and a system-generalized method of moment model (GMM) are used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The system-GMM model for the first time addresses unobserved heterogeneity and produces unbiased estimates of the effects of health and OOPEs. Additionally, this paper assesses the heterogeneity of the results across the demographic and socioeconomic groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings can be used to inform policymakers on improving medical resource allocation and ensure better financial protection for those living with a disability and chronic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12977,"journal":{"name":"Healthcare","volume":"12 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11545117/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Exploring the Relationship Between Health and Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures: Evidence for Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China.\",\"authors\":\"Jingyi Gao\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/healthcare12212137\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>With population aging, disability and chronic conditions are increasingly prevalent among middle-aged and older adults in China. Using panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2018, this paper explores the effects of Activities of Daily Living limitations, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living limitations, and chronic conditions on Out-of-Pocket Expenditures (OOPEs) among middle-aged and older adults in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A first-difference model and a system-generalized method of moment model (GMM) are used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The system-GMM model for the first time addresses unobserved heterogeneity and produces unbiased estimates of the effects of health and OOPEs. Additionally, this paper assesses the heterogeneity of the results across the demographic and socioeconomic groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings can be used to inform policymakers on improving medical resource allocation and ensure better financial protection for those living with a disability and chronic diseases.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":12977,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Healthcare\",\"volume\":\"12 21\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-10-27\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11545117/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Healthcare\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12212137\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Healthcare","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12212137","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Exploring the Relationship Between Health and Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures: Evidence for Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China.
Background/objectives: With population aging, disability and chronic conditions are increasingly prevalent among middle-aged and older adults in China. Using panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2018, this paper explores the effects of Activities of Daily Living limitations, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living limitations, and chronic conditions on Out-of-Pocket Expenditures (OOPEs) among middle-aged and older adults in China.
Methods: A first-difference model and a system-generalized method of moment model (GMM) are used.
Results: The system-GMM model for the first time addresses unobserved heterogeneity and produces unbiased estimates of the effects of health and OOPEs. Additionally, this paper assesses the heterogeneity of the results across the demographic and socioeconomic groups.
Conclusions: These findings can be used to inform policymakers on improving medical resource allocation and ensure better financial protection for those living with a disability and chronic diseases.
期刊介绍：
Healthcare (ISSN 2227-9032) is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal (free for readers), which publishes original theoretical and empirical work in the interdisciplinary area of all aspects of medicine and health care research. Healthcare publishes Original Research Articles, Reviews, Case Reports, Research Notes and Short Communications. We encourage researchers to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. For theoretical papers, full details of proofs must be provided so that the results can be checked; for experimental papers, full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Additionally, electronic files or software regarding the full details of the calculations, experimental procedure, etc., can be deposited along with the publication as “Supplementary Material”.
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