Comparison of augmented reality with other teaching methods in learning anatomy: A systematic review.

Augmented reality (AR) has been investigated as an engaging educational tool that motivates undergraduate health science students to learn human anatomy. AR technology is developing rapidly, supporting medical education by presenting models of human anatomy as digital objects overlaid in the real world via mobile or head-mounted display (HMD). The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a post-pandemic analysis of AR compared with other methods for teaching anatomy and to determine the effects of AR on learning outcomes (LOs). Original research published between January 2020 and April 2024 was obtained from the WOS, Scopus, MEDLINE(Ovid), EMBASE, and PubMed databases, following PRISMA 2020 protocols. Articles included for analysis compared AR with alternative pedagogical methods of teaching undergraduate human anatomy. Studies that described AR as "mixed reality" (MR) were included, while those describing "virtual reality" (VR) were not considered. Risk of bias and limitations in individual studies were assessed using the Quality Assessment with Diverse Studies (QuADS) tool. Data were synthesized using a convergent integrated approach with LOs tabulated for visual analysis. A total of 17 articles were eligible for review: nine studies comparing AR via HMD hardware, and eight comparing mobile AR. The LOs of 12 studies were overwhelmingly reported as non-significant. Insufficient data precluded an accurate meta-analysis of LOs, and critical analysis revealed a considerable risk of bias and lack of justified methodology. While AR holds potential for supporting undergraduate students in learning anatomy, definitive outcomes from the current literature are limited by the heterogeneous nature of the studies and inconsistent use of terminology. It is recommended that future research employs professional AR technologies and incorporates the perspectives of university educators to ensure reliable outcomes that can direct the further development of AR technology in medical education.