Are the cardiovascular benefits and potential risks of physical activity and exercise dependent on race, ethnicity or sex?

Physical activity (PA) is established as a cornerstone of cardiovascular health, however, disparities in participation exist across sociocultural groups, which in turn impacts cardiovascular outcomes. Evidence suggests that while the positive cardiovascular effects of exercise are consistent across populations, notable differences in the magnitude of these benefits exist for racial and ethnic minorities and female sex. Females derive greater protection from PA compared to males, with reduced rates of sudden cardiac death (SCD). This review examines the complex interplay of race/ethnicity and sex on the cardiovascular benefits associated with PA and exercise, cardiovascular adaptations to exercise, and risks of SCD and "excessive" volume of exercise. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions to promote cardiovascular health and offset disparities.