Prenatal choline supplementation enhances metabolic outcomes with differential impact on DNA methylation in Wistar rat offspring and dams.

Choline is an essential nutrient required for proper functioning of organs and serves as a methyl donor. In liver where choline metabolism primarily occurs, glucose homeostasis is regulated through insulin receptor substrates (IRS) 1 and 2. Here, we determined the role of prenatal choline as a modulator of metabolic health and DNA methylation in liver of offspring and dams. Pregnant Wistar rat dams were fed an AIN-93G diet and received drinking water either with supplemented 0.25% choline (w/w) as choline bitartrate or untreated control. All offspring were weaned to a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Prenatal choline supplementation led to higher insulin sensitivity in female offspring at weaning as well as lower body weight and food intake and higher insulin sensitivity in female and male adult offspring compared to offspring from untreated dams. Higher hepatic betaine concentrations were observed in dams and female offspring of choline-supplemented dams at weaning and higher glycerophosphocholine in female and male offspring at post-weaning compared to the untreated control, suggestive of sustaining different choline pathways. Hepatic gene expression of Irs2 was higher in dams at weaning and female offspring at weaning and post-weaning, whereas Irs1 was lower in male offspring at post-weaning. Gene-specific DNA methylation of Irs2 was lower in female offspring at post-weaning and Irs1 methylation was higher in male offspring at post-weaning that exhibited an inverse relationship between methylation and gene expression. In conclusion, prenatal choline supplementation contributes to improved parameters of insulin signaling but these effects varied across time and offspring sex.