Harnessing the microbiome: probiotics, antibiotics and their role in canine and feline gastrointestinal disease.

Unfavourable alterations of the host microbial environment, known as dysbiosis, have been identified in many canine and feline gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. As a result, normalisation of microbial composition and function has become an important therapeutic target. Given the complex and individualistic interplay between the resident microbiota, host and environment, a multimodal approach is often necessary when addressing dysbiosis in dogs and cats with GI disease. Systemic antibiotics are often empirically used to treat acute and chronic GI diseases. However, with modern genomic techniques demonstrating the profound negative effect antibiotics can have on the GI microbiota and the rapid emergence of resistant bacteria globally, there has been an increased focus on identifying antibiotic alternatives for use in small animal practice. Biotics, such as prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, are of growing interest due to their potential supportive effect on the microbiota. This article reviews the evidence for the use of biotics in canine and feline GI disease, highlighting how judicious use of antibiotics and targeted probiotic supplementation can enhance patient outcomes by promoting a balanced gut microbial environment.