Metaverse-based distance learning as a transactional distance mitigator and memory retrieval stimulant

This present study explores Metaverse-based Distance Learning (MDL) as a mitigative strategy of transactional distance (TD) and an enhancer of memory retrieval in an educational setting. We conducted two experimental studies. In the first study (n = 367 participants), we found that MDL significantly reduced perceived TD, leading to positive learner attitudes and increased intentions for repeat learning. The second study utilized functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to assess hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex of 30 participants, comparing brain activity during lectures in MDL and e-learning environments. Results indicated that MDL elicited higher oxy-Hb activation in the prefrontal cortex, particularly during cognitively challenging tasks, correlating with improved memory retrieval. Grounded in both Transactional Distance Theory (TDT) and context-dependent memory (CDM) frameworks, we found that the technological and educational potential of MDL not only reduces psychological barriers in distance learning but also shows how it can improve cognitive engagement and retention. These findings underscore the potential of MDL in distance education and suggest pathways for future research to explore its implications further, particularly in conjunction with other emerging technologies.