Decoding text from electroencephalography signals: A novel Hierarchical Gated Recurrent Unit with Masked Residual Attention Mechanism

Progress in both neuroscience and natural language processing has opened doors for investigating brain to text techniques to reconstruct what individuals see, perceive, or focus on from human brain activity patterns. Non-invasive decoding, utilizing electroencephalography (EEG) signals, is preferred due to its comfort, cost-effectiveness, and portability. In brain-to-text applications, a pressing need has arisen to develop effective models that can accurately capture the intricate details of EEG signals, such as global and local contextual information and long-term dependencies. In response to this need, we propose the Hierarchical Gated Recurrent Unit with Masked Residual Attention Mechanism (HGRU-MRAM) model, which ingeniously combines the hierarchical structure and the masked residual attention mechanism to deliver a robust brain-to-text decoding system. Our experimental results on the ZuCo dataset demonstrate that this model significantly outperforms existing baselines, achieving state-of-the-art performance with Bilingual Evaluation Understudy Score (BLEU), Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (ROUGE), US National Institute of Standards and Technology Metric (NIST), Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit Ordering (METEOR), Translation Edit Rate (TER), and BiLingual Evaluation Understudy with Representations from Transformers (BLEURT) scores of 48.29, 34.84, 4.07, 34.57, 21.98, and 40.45, respectively. The code is available at https://github.com/qpuchen/EEG-To-Sentence.