Control offshore wind farm integrated with HVDC system and storage devices-based IoT: A survey

Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) have proven effective in harnessing wind energy with greater reliability and efficiency than onshore systems. However, transmitting electricity from these remote locations to the onshore grid necessitates evaluating transmission technologies. While High-Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) systems are commonly used, they are often inadequate for the long-distance needs of OWFs. High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems, on the other hand, offer advantages such as reduced transmission losses, cost efficiency, and better compatibility with offshore infrastructure. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of HVAC and HVDC systems, focusing on transmission efficiency, cost, scalability, and grid stability, and addresses challenges like HVDC stability, exploring configurations to mitigate these issues. Additionally, the paper examines the integration of energy storage systems and the Internet of Things (IoT) with OWFs. It investigates how energy storage can balance supply and demand and enhance grid reliability, while IoT technologies are assessed for their role in optimizing wind farm operations, real-time data management, and control system responsiveness. The study concludes that HVDC systems offer notable benefits over HVAC systems for offshore wind farms, particularly in efficiency and cost. Furthermore, integrating energy storage and IoT technologies is essential for improving grid stability and operational efficiency, providing valuable insights for stakeholders in enhancing offshore wind farm integration into the energy grid.