Monitoring respiratory muscles effort during mechanical ventilation.

Purpose of review: To summarize basic physiological concepts of breathing effort and outline various methods for monitoring effort of inspiratory and expiratory muscles.

Recent findings: Esophageal pressure (Pes) measurement is the reference standard for respiratory muscle effort quantification, but various noninvasive screening tools have been proposed. Expiratory occlusion pressures (P0.1 and Pocc) could inform about low and high effort and the resulting lung stress, with Pocc outperforming P0.1 in identifying high effort. The pressure muscle index during an inspiratory hold could unveil inspiratory muscle effort, however obtaining a reliable inspiratory plateau can be difficult. Surface electromyography has the potential for inspiratory effort estimation, yet this is technically challenging for real-time assessment. Expiratory muscle activation is common in the critically ill warranting their assessment, that is, via gastric pressure monitoring. Expiratory muscle activation also impacts inspiratory effort interpretation which could result in both under- and overestimation of the resulting lung stress. There is likely a future role for machine learning applications to automate breathing effort monitoring at the bedside.

Summary: Different tools are available for monitoring the respiratory muscles' effort during mechanical ventilation - from noninvasive screening tools to more invasive quantification methods. This could facilitate a lung and respiratory muscle-protective ventilation approach.