Assessment of index-based traffic noise annoyance level at major road intersections in a tourist city: A case study towards environmental sustainability.

Urban noise pollution poses significant challenges to public health and environmental sustainability, particularly in rapidly developing tourist destinations. Noise pollution and associated annoyance level in five major intersections of Cox's Bazar City, Bangladesh, was assessed in this study during the peak tourist season. Noise measurements were conducted using various indices (L₁₀, L_eq, and TNI) across morning, midday, and afternoon time slots. TNI scores were compared with Mean Dissatisfaction Score (MDS) standards to assess traffic-induced noise annoyance levels. Additionally, a survey of 675 respondents was conducted to assess their perceptions of noise pollution. Statistical analyses included linear regression for noise indices, multinomial logistic regression for TNI-related dissatisfaction, and ordinal logistic regression for respondents' perceived annoyances. Results revealed significant noise pollution issues, with L_eq scores consistently exceeding national guidelines across all intersections and time periods, particularly on weekends during afternoon timeslots. TNI values frequently surpassed standard dissatisfaction regulations, with 19 out of 105 time slots exhibiting extreme dissatisfaction levels. Link Road and Kolatoli Circle intersections consistently showed higher noise levels and dissatisfaction. Over 95% of survey respondents perceived increased noise pollution during peak tourist seasons, with 87.11% describing it as "extremely" or "very" noisy. Longer exposure duration and awareness of health risks were significantly associated with reported perceived annoyance levels. Respondents reported various health impacts, including annoyance (84.44%), headaches (62.37%), and cognitive impairment (44.44%). This comprehensive study provides valuable insights for policymakers, city planners, and environmentalists to develop sustainable urban strategies that balance the acoustic environment with the well-being of residents and tourists alike.