Luffa cylindrica as a biosorbent in wastewater treatment applications: a comprehensive review

Water contamination over the years due to hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants poses an immediate threat to both the environment and human health. Extensive research has been conducted on the application of the adsorption technique to treat these effluents. With a focus on adhering to the principles of Green Chemistry and the circular economy, researchers are directing their efforts toward discovering economical, biodegradable, and readily available adsorbents. In this context, the present review article offers insights into recent studies regarding the utilization of the natural biosorbent Luffa cylindrica. This porous, environmentally friendly, and non-toxic material shows promise in the realm of wastewater treatment. Emphasis was also given to several fiber modifications aimed at enhancing the adsorption capacity of this biosorbent. Additionally, comprehensive physicochemical characterizations were conducted, including SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, N₂ adsorption and desorption and contact angle analyses. The impact of adsorption parameters was discussed in detail. The review delves into kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic data, which have been presented and analyzed. Mechanistic insights into the adsorption interactions between the adsorbent and adsorbate are depicted through illustrative diagrams. Ultimately, the findings underscore the potential of both Luffa and Luffa-based materials as promising candidates for effective wastewater treatment applications.