Clinical characteristics and outcomes of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in renal transplant recipients: A single-center experience.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the clinical features, early diagnostic methods, and therapeutic approaches for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in patients after renal transplantation (RT).

Methods: We retrospectively examined 22 patients who were diagnosed with IPA post-RT and treated at our institution between 2005 and 2024.

Results: Patients had an average age of 46.4 ± 9.4 years, with a predominance of men (72.7 %). The incidence of IPA after RT was 1.29 %. The median time of IPA onset after transplantation was 12 months. Fever was the predominant symptom (72.7 %), followed by cough and expectoration (31.8 %) and hemoptysis (13.6 %). Frequent computed tomography findings included consolidations (68.2 %) and cavities (45.5 %) with halo signs, multiple nodules, and air crescent signs. Neutropenia was noted in five patients, including one case of agranulocytosis. Impaired renal function was observed in 59.1 % of the cases. Serum 1,3-β-D-glucan and galactomannan (GM) assays were positive in 45.5 % of patients, with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid GM tests confirming IPA in 83.3 % of those tested. Next-generation sequencing confirmed Aspergillus infection in 11 patients. Ultimately, 68.2 % of the patients recovered, whereas 31.8 % succumbed to the infection, with the deceased demonstrating a significantly high rate of complications.

Conclusions: Patients with IPA had high mortality rates. The symptoms of IPA after RT are usually nonspecific, making diagnosis very difficult. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid GM testing and next-generation sequencing proved relatively helpful as detection methods for IPA. Antifungal treatments should be initiated as soon as possible to avoid complications.