Expert recommendations on treatment sequencing and challenging clinical scenarios in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2-positive) metastatic breast cancer

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and/or ERBB2 gene amplification occurs in approximately 15–20% of breast cancers and is associated with poor prognosis. While the introduction of HER2-targeted therapies has significantly improved survival in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, the incidence of brain metastases has increased due to patients living longer. Current recommendations sequence treatments by line of therapy, as well as by the status of brain metastases in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. However, in the third-line treatment setting and beyond, there is a lack of clarity of the preferred choice of therapy. In clinical practice, clinicians may also encounter challenging scenarios where the optimal therapeutic approach has not been defined by clinical studies, so there is a need for clarity in such situations. Two consensus meetings of expert oncologists (12 from Europe and one from Canada) were convened to discuss these scenarios. We subsequently developed this article to present an overview of current treatment recommendations for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and give practical guidance on addressing challenging scenarios in a real-world setting. Based on our clinical experience, we provide a unanimous consensus concerning the treatment of elderly patients as well as those with brain-only metastases, leptomeningeal disease, oligometastatic disease, central nervous system oligo-progressive disease or ERBB2-mutant disease. We also discuss how to combine HER2-targeted therapy with endocrine therapy in patients with HER2-positive/hormone-receptor-positive disease, considerations for potential discontinuation of HER2-targeted therapy in patients with long-term remission and how to treat patients whose metastatic biopsy no longer confirms their HER2-positive status.