A Charger Current–Limiting Scheme to Improve Protection Coordination of Electric Vehicle–Integrated Distribution Systems

Although the development of electric vehicle (EV) technology offers opportunities for reducing CO₂ emissions through the electrification of transportation, the integration of EVs into distribution systems poses a significant challenge to the reliable operation of existing protection systems. As the penetration level of EVs continues to rise, the fault current characteristic of the distribution system changes, resulting in load de-energization, equipment damage, and reduced reliability. This paper develops a protection scheme for preserving coordination between main and backup overcurrent relays considering various penetration levels and locations of integrated EVs. By modifying the EV charger control system, the proposed scheme limits the fault current contribution of adopted EV charge stations into the fault point. The developed scheme does not alter the structure of the available protection system of the distribution network and is compatible with both old and nonprogrammable relays. Furthermore, it does not require communication links. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is validated through several case studies on the Isfahan distribution network. The findings indicate that the operating time of the backup relay in the conventional protection system exceeds the thermal limit at 100% penetration level of EVs installed upstream of this relay as it reaches 1810 ms, while by using the proposed strategy, this time reduces to 776 ms, preserving protection coordination between the main and backup relays.