Cutibacterium acnes in Shoulder Surgery: Is It a Significant Risk Factor for Postoperative Infection?

Cutibacterium acnes, a commensal, lipophilic, anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium, is well known for its potential to cause infections, particularly in the field of orthopedics, notably in the shoulder. However, its indolent strain nature presents challenges in the diagnosis of the bacterium using clinical, laboratory, and culture-based methods. There are controversies surrounding its actual threat as an infection-causing agent, leading to an incomplete consensus on treatment strategies after the infection. Furthermore, research is ongoing to explore preventive procedures before the onset of infection. This review aimed to comprehensively explore the diagnosis and treatment of C. acnes and determine whether it is a risk factor for shoulder joint infections.