Effect of torque customization with composite resin bases on the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant patterns of lingual brackets : An in vitro evaluation.

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of torque customization of lingual brackets with resin-modified bases on their shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI), and bond failure patterns (BFP).

Methods: The sample comprised 200 lingual lower incisor brackets (DTC® ORG, DTC Medical Apparatus, Hangzhou, China); 40 brackets were tested as-received and 4 groups with 40 brackets each were customized for -10, -20, +10 and +20° torque respectively with light-cured composite resin (Transbond XT™, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) bases. All brackets were bonded to bovine mandibular incisors. Their SBS were estimated in a universal testing machine (INSTRON®, Norwood, MA, USA) with a gingivally directed force applied at the incisal bracket-adhesive interface with 1 mm/min crosshead speed. Their ARI and BFP were evaluated under 20× magnification.

Results: The SBS was 19.9 ± 7.6 MPa for noncustomized brackets, 20.1 ± 9.0 and 18.7 ± 8.2 MPa for brackets with 10 and 20° of negative torque, and 16.6 ± 5.68 and 19.45 ± 5.84 MPa for brackets with 10 and 20° of positive torque, respectively. The differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.097). Teeth with the -20° brackets exhibited higher median ARI scores than noncustomized brackets (1.5 vs 2, p = 0.018). Adhesive-cohesive bond failure with nearly axial split was more frequent in noncustomized brackets than customized ones, the reverse being true for adhesive-cohesive failure with nearly vertical split (p < 0.05). Truly cohesive bond failures were seen only in brackets with positive torque.

Conclusions: Torque customization with a resin base is an acceptable strategy for metal orthodontic brackets as it does not affect their SBS. However, their BFP differed from noncustomized brackets, depending on the type of torque introduced.