Classical correspondence beyond the Ehrenfest time for open quantum systems with general Lindbladians

Quantum and classical systems evolving under the same formal Hamiltonian H may exhibit dramatically different behavior after the Ehrenfest timescale \(t_E \sim \log (\hbar ^{-1})\), even as \(\hbar \rightarrow 0\). Coupling the system to a Markovian environment results in a Lindblad equation for the quantum evolution. Its classical counterpart is given by the Fokker–Planck equation on phase space, which describes Hamiltonian flow with friction and diffusive noise. The quantum and classical evolutions may be compared via the Wigner-Weyl representation. Due to decoherence, they are conjectured to match closely for times far beyond the Ehrenfest timescale as \(\hbar \rightarrow 0\). We prove a version of this correspondence, bounding the error between the quantum and classical evolutions for any sufficiently regular Hamiltonian H(x, p) and Lindblad functions \(L_{k}(x,p)\). The error is small when the strength of the diffusion D associated to the Lindblad functions satisfies \(D \gg \hbar ^{4/3}\), in particular allowing vanishing noise in the classical limit. Our method uses a time-dependent semiclassical mixture of variably squeezed Gaussian states. The states evolve according to a local harmonic approximation to the Lindblad dynamics constructed from a second-order Taylor expansion of the Lindbladian. Both the exact quantum trajectory and its classical counterpart can be expressed as perturbations of this semiclassical mixture, with the errors bounded using Duhamel’s principle. We present heuristic arguments suggesting the 4/3 exponent is optimal and defines a boundary in the sense that asymptotically weaker diffusion permits a breakdown of quantum-classical correspondence at the Ehrenfest timescale. Our presentation aims to be comprehensive and accessible to both mathematicians and physicists. In a shorter companion paper, we treat the special case of Hamiltonians that decompose into kinetic and potential energy with linear Lindblad operators, with explicit bounds that can be applied directly to physical systems.