The latest advances in liquid biopsy for lung cancer-a narrative review.

Background and objective: Liquid biopsy has emerged as a transformative approach in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of lung cancer. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the latest advancements in liquid biopsy for lung cancer, highlighting the key developments and their clinical implications.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases, such as PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, covering the period from January 2018 to July 2024. The search terms included "liquid biopsy", "lung cancer", "circulating tumor DNA", "circulating tumor cells", and "exosomes". Studies were selected based on their relevance, novelty, and impact on the field.

Key content and findings: The review discusses recent innovations in liquid biopsy technologies, including improvements in the sensitivity and specificity of these technologies, and the role of various biomarkers, including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, circulating tumor RNA (ctRNA), extracellular vesicles (EVs), tumor metabolites, tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), and plasma protein biomarkers, in early detection, prognosis, and personalized therapy. It also examines challenges and future directions for integrating liquid biopsy into routine clinical practice.

Conclusions: Liquid biopsy represents a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool for lung cancer and has significant potential to enhance patient outcomes. It is anticipated that continued research and technological advancements will further refine its clinical utility, potentially transforming the landscape of lung cancer management.