Universal social protection and gender disparities in food security: Insights from Nepal

This article exploits a sharp age cutoff for eligibility of a nationwide senior citizen allowance program in Nepal to show that a universal social protection increased the likelihood of receiving financial assistance among the elderly, but did not improve food consumption. Eligible females are 8.8 percentage points more likely to eat fewer meals induced by inadequate resources and 5.3 percentage points more likely to sleep hungry in response to inadequate food. This adverse effect is driven by multi-generational households with young children, implying that the program exacerbated gender disparities in food security through changes in household size and childcare duties.