Liver transplantation in acute liver failure.

ABO-compatible Orthotopic Liver Transplantation (OLT) is the standard treatment for patients with acute liver failure (ALF) who meet the criteria for poor prognosis. Contraindications to liver transplantation may be related to the presence of severe medical or psychiatric comorbidities, or to an unstable clinical state incompatible with transplantation. Early mortality predictive scores and factors have been developed to identify futile transplantations that exacerbate organ shortage. However, these scores are not sufficiently reliable to contraindicate transplantation. Auxiliary liver transplantation, two-stage transplantation (total hepatectomy with portal-caval anastomosis followed by delayed orthotopic liver transplantation), ABO-incompatible liver transplantation, living-donor transplantation, and living-auxiliary liver donor transplantation are alternatives to OLT. The selection of appropriate techniques must fulfill specific criteria. ABO-incompatible transplantation remains an exception, even though immunosuppressive strategies have improved prognosis. The overall survival and graft survival rates at 1 and 5 years after liver transplantation for ALF are 79 % and 72 % in Europe, and 84 % and 73 % in the United States, respectively. The survival rate has significantly improved in recent years.