Advances and Challenges in Speciation Measurement and Microkinetic Modeling for Gas-Solid Heterogeneous Catalysis.

Microkinetic modeling of heterogeneous catalysis serves as an efficient tool bridging atom-scale first-principles calculations and macroscale industrial reactor simulations. Fundamental understanding of the microkinetic mechanism relies on a combination of experimental and theoretical studies. This Perspective presents an overview of the latest progress of experimental and microkinetic modeling approaches applied to gas-solid catalytic kinetics. Then, opportunities and challenges are presented based on recent research progress in gas-solid catalysis and combustion chemistry. For experimental approaches, the importance of ideal catalytic reactors, structured catalysts, and precise elementary rate measurements is emphasized. Additionally, integrating spatiotemporally resolved operando gas-phase diagnostics with surface-adsorbed species characterization methods offers new opportunities for gaining deeper insights into gas-surface reactions. In microkinetic modeling, a hybrid rate parameter evaluation approach that combines first-principles calculations with semiempirical methods, followed by automated mechanism generation and data-driven optimization, opens new avenues for efficiently constructing surface mechanisms. Furthermore, extending microkinetic modeling beyond mean-field approximations allows simulations under realistic catalyst operating conditions. Finally, the critical role of gas-phase mechanisms and comprehensive microkinetic modeling analyses in advancing our fundamental understanding of gas-solid catalytic processes is highlighted.