An update on the treatment and management of cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: Cognitive impairment (CI) occurs in 34-70% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, significantly impacting quality of life. CI can occur independently of physical disability, even in those with 'benign MS.' Cognitive deficits are heterogeneous, but common areas affected include processing speed, memory, and executive functions.

Areas covered: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, using keywords like 'MS,' 'cognition,' and 'cognitive rehabilitation.' We focused on clinical assessment tools, emerging cognitive phenotypes, and both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, including disease-modifying therapies and cognitive rehabilitation techniques.

Expert opinion: Current evidence underscores the need for a multifaceted approach to managing CI in MS, incorporating emerging pharmacological treatments, cognitive rehabilitation strategies, and exercise programmes. Future research should prioritize defining optimal training intensities, integrating therapies for sustained cognitive enhancement, and exploring neuromodulation and neuroimaging biomarkers within randomized controlled trials aimed at improving cognitive functioning in MS.