[Ophthalmic oncology in a warmer world: climate-related increase in the prevalence of eyelid cancer].

Background: Damage induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays a decisive role in the carcinogenesis of malignant tumors of the eyelids.

Methods: A selective literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar.

Results: Large epidemiological studies show an increase in the prevalence of eyelid tumors in recent decades. The incidence of malignant eyelid tumors has increased especially in the white population over the last 70 years. A UV-induced damage to tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes which play a key role in the carcinogenesis of malignant eyelid tumors has been demonstrated. Strong intermittent UV exposure and sunburn have been identified as risk factors for basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. For squamous cell carcinoma, cumulative UV exposure over a longer period of time is considered a risk factor.

Conclusion: In order to counteract the UV-related increase in malignant eyelid tumors, preventive protective measures, early detection and increased public awareness are essential. On the one hand, changes in behavior, appropriate clothing, wearing hats and sunglasses or contact lenses with UV filters are effective measures for UV protection. On the other hand, the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis should be investigated further in order to be able to carry out effective prevention and further develop treatment.