A core–shell structural catalyst with graphitic carbon encapsulating Fe3C and Fe3N used for H2O2 activation to degrade norfloxacin†

Energy consumption remains a significant challenge in the removal of recalcitrant pollutants through advanced oxidation processes. In this study, a core–shell structural catalyst with graphitic carbon, encapsulating Fe₃C and Fe₃N (FeNC@C), was synthesized via pyrolysis for norfloxacin (NOR) degradation without extra energy. And we investigated several key parameters that influence the degradation of NOR, including H₂O₂ concentration, FeNC@C dosage, initial pH, and co-existing ions. The FeNC@C exhibits a degradation efficiency of 90% and total organic carbon removal exceeding 47% with 60 min. Our findings provide evidence that ˙OH is the primary reactive species in the process of NOR degradation. Additionally, we also propose a rational reaction mechanism and identify potential degradation intermediates. This study will facilitate further exploration of the heterogeneous catalyst as a potential approach for energy-efficient antibiotic decomposition.