Ramping dynamics in the frontal cortex unfold over multiple timescales during motor planning.

Plans are formulated and refined throughout the period leading up to their execution, ensuring that the appropriate behaviors are enacted at the appropriate times. Although existing evidence suggests that memory circuits convey the passage of time through diverse neuronal responses, it remains unclear whether the neural circuits involved in planning exhibit analogous temporal dynamics. Using publicly available data, we analyzed how activity in the mouse frontal motor cortex evolves during motor planning. Individual neurons exhibited diverse ramping activity throughout a delay interval that preceded a planned movement. The collective activity of these neurons was useful for making temporal predictions that became increasingly precise as the movement time approached. This temporal diversity gave rise to a spectrum of encoding patterns, ranging from stable to dynamic representations of the upcoming movement. Our results indicate that ramping activity unfolds over multiple timescales during motor planning, suggesting a shared mechanism in the brain for processing temporal information related to both memories from the past and plans for the future. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neuronal responses in the cortex are diverse, but the nature and functional consequences of this diversity remain ambiguous. We identified a specific pattern of temporal heterogeneity in the mouse frontal motor cortex, whereby the firing of different neurons ramps up at varying speeds before the execution of a movement. Our decoding analyses reveal that this heterogeneity in ramping dynamics enables precise and reliable encoding of movement plans and time across various timescales.