Deciphering the role of cytokines in aging: Biomarker potential and effective targeting

Aging is often characterized by chronic inflammation, immune system dysregulation, and cellular senescence with chronically elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These small glycoproteins are mainly secreted by immune cells, mediating intercellular communication and immune system modulation through inflammatory signaling. Their pro- and anti-inflammatory effects make them a noteworthy research topic as well as a promising ally in combating inflammation and the aging process. Cytokines exert a synergistic role in aging and disease and may prove useful biomarkers of tissue-specific dysregulation, disease diagnosis and monitoring, presenting potential therapeutic options as anti-inflammatory and senolytic medications. In this review, we address the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicating cytokines in the aging process and related diseases, highlighting their biomarker potential. We focus on the current therapeutic strategies, including specific pharmaceutical agents, supplements, a balanced diet, and healthy habits such as exercise, stress management, and caloric restriction.