Advances in inflammatory senescence in liver disease.

Inflammatory senescence is a process of cellular dysfunction associated with chronic inflammation, which plays a significant role in the onset and progression of liver diseases,and the research on its mechanisms becomes a hotspot currently. In viral hepatitis, the mechanisms of inflammatory senescence primarily involve oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and necrosis, as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the mechanisms of inflammatory senescence are more complex, involving insulin resistance, fat deposition, lipid metabolism disorders, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and NAD⁺ metabolism abnormalities. In liver tumors, inflammatory senescence is characterized by the weakening of tumor suppressive mechanisms, remodeling of the liver microenvironment, metabolic reprogramming, and enhanced immune evasion. Therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory senescence have been developing recently, and antioxidant therapy, metabolic disorder improvement, and immunotherapy emerging are important interventions for liver diseases. This review focuses on the mechanisms of inflammatory secescence in liver diseases, aiming to provide novel insights for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.