Forming and compliance-free operation of low-energy, fast-switching HfOxSy/HfS2 memristors†

We demonstrate low energy, forming and compliance-free operation of a resistive memory obtained by the partial oxidation of a two-dimensional layered van-der-Waals semiconductor: hafnium disulfide (HfS₂). Semiconductor–oxide heterostructures are achieved by low temperature (<300 °C) thermal oxidation of HfS₂ under dry conditions, carefully controlling process parameters. The resulting HfO_xS_y/HfS₂ heterostructures are integrated between metal contacts, forming vertical crossbar devices. Forming-free, compliance-free resistive switching between non-volatile states is demonstrated by applying voltage pulses and measuring the current response in time. We show non-volatile memory operation with an R_ON/R_OFF of 102, programmable by 80 ns WRITE and ERASE operations. Multiple stable resistance states are achieved by modulating pulse width and amplitude, down to 60 ns, < 20 pJ operation. This demonstrates the capability of these devices for low-energy, fast-switching and multi-state programming. Resistance states were retained without fail at 150 °C over 10⁴ s, showcasing the potential of these devices for long retention times and resilience to ageing. Low-energy resistive switching measurements were repeated under vacuum (8.6 mbar) showing unchanged characteristics and no dependence of the device on surrounding oxygen or water vapour. Using a technology computer-aided design (TCAD) tool, we explore the role of the semiconductor layer in tuning the device conductance and driving gradual resistive switching in 2D HfO_x-based devices.