High-resolution Observations of an X-1.0 White-light Flare with Moving Flare Ribbons

We analyze high-resolution observations of an X-1.0 white-light flare, triggered by a filament eruption, on 2022 October 2. The full process of filament formation and subsequent eruption was captured in the Hα passband by the Visible Imaging Spectrograph (VIS) on board the Goode Solar Telescope (GST) within its center field of view. White-light emissions appear in flare ribbons following the filament eruption and Hα ribbon brightening. GST Broadband Filter Imager data show that the continuum intensity, as compared to the nearby quiet-Sun area, has increased by up to 20% in the photospheric TiO band around 7057 Å. The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory reported 10% contrast enhancement in the continuum near Fe i 6173 Å line. The separation motion of two white-light kernels is recorded by the high-cadence GST/TiO images and is well accompanied by the motion of the VIS Hα flare ribbon leading edge. One kernel, located in a 150 Gauss field within a granulation area, exhibited an average apparent motion speed of 55 km s−1, which is the highest average speed ever reported. The other kernel drifted at 9 km s−1 in an 800 Gauss magnetic field area. Hard X-ray (HXR) emissions reaching up to 300 keV have been observed for this flare. The simultaneous occurrence of high-cadence HXR, microwave, and white-light emissions strongly suggests that the energetic particles from the flare directly contribute to the heating. The inverted HXR energy flux density corresponding to 10% TiO brightening is 2.07 ± 0.23 × 1011 erg cm−2 s−1 during the flare peak.