Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development.

Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoid cultures derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provide an important alternative in vitro tool for studying human brain development and pathogenesis of neurological diseases. However, the lack of incorporation of microglia in the human brain organoids is still a major hurdle for 3D models of neuroinflammation. Current approaches include either the incorporation of fully differentiated microglia into mature brain organoids or the induction of microglial differentiation from the early stage of iPSC-derived embryoid bodies (EBs). The first approach misses the stage when microglial differentiation interacts with the adjacent neural environment, and the later approach is technically challenging, resulting in inconsistency among the final organoids in terms of the quantity and quality of microglia. To model brain organoids with microglia to study the early interactions between microglial and neuronal development, highly pure hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) differentiated from human iPSCs were incorporated into iPSC-derived EBs to make brain organoids. Using immunostaining and single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNA-seq) analysis, we confirmed that HPCs were incorporated into the 3D organoids, which eventually developed into brain organoids with both microglia and neurons. Compared to brain organoids without HPCs, this approach produces significant microglial incorporation in the brain organoids. This novel 3D organoid model, which consists of both microglial and neural development properties, can be used to study the early interactions between innate immune and nervous system development and potentially as a model for neuroinflammation and neuroinfectious disorders.