Batch Optimization of Various Variables for Wastewater Treatment and Bioelectricity Generation Using Dual Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell

Energy crisis and wastewater treatment are critical global issues. In this study, a novel separator was made by boiling cotton rope with solutions of various salts and their concentrations. It was then employed in a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) to treat municipal wastewater collected from 25 Area Wah Cantt, Punjab, Pakistan. Batch scale experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of various variables, that is, different salts (NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂) and their concentrations (0.2, 0.5, and 1 M) used in separator, wastewater volume (50, 500, and 1000 mL), and aluminum mesh thickness (0.6, 0.8, and 1 mm) on MFC performance in terms of current generation and wastewater treatment for 7 days. Analysis of collected wastewater showed that among the six studied physicochemical parameters, only two, that is, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were above the permissible limits of National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). Results after MFC experiments showed that separator containing 0.5 M NaCl produced a significantly (p < 0.05) high current of 68.16 µA as compared to the other studied salts and their concentrations, whereas COD and BOD were reduced up to 124.15 and 62.12 mg L⁻¹, respectively. A wastewater volume of 1000 mL generated a significantly (p < 0.05) high current of 83.41 µA compared to the other studied volumes, where COD and BOD residual values were 123.25 and 59.56 mg L⁻¹, respectively. An aluminum mesh thickness of 1 mm produced a significantly (p < 0.05) high current of 103 µA, while 120.89 and 68.93 mg L⁻¹ were achieved COD and BOD values, respectively. It was concluded that MFC performance was enhanced with an increase in wastewater volume and mesh thickness. Therefore, it is recommended that further pilot-scale continuous studies be carried out to implement this research on a larger scale.