Adaptive current differential protection principle for distribution lines dedicatedly connected with photovoltaic power sources

In line with the latest protection configuration requirements for 35 or 10 kV distribution grids, current differential protection is recommended for distribution lines connected to photovoltaic power sources. However, unlike traditional synchronous generators, photovoltaic power sources provide fault currents with amplitudes typically less than 1.2 to 2 times the rated current, and their phase angles are controlled and capacitive. This often results in the differential current being insufficient to trigger the current differential protection even during internal faults. This paper analyzes the issues with applying traditional current differential protection to photovoltaic power sources connected lines and deduces the threshold for the ratio restraint coefficient. An adaptive protection strategy is proposed, where the restraint coefficient is adjusted based on the amplitude ratios and phase angle differences of the fault currents. This ensures correct operation, particularly in cases of high photovoltaic power sources penetration. The strategy is tested through simulations conducted in Power Systems Computer Aided Design (PSCAD), showing improved sensitivity compared to traditional methods.