Phase-Dependent Dual Discrimination of WSe2 toward Dimethylformamide and Aniline

Here, we report the room-temperature dual discrimination of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and aniline using a 1T′/2H mixed phase tungsten diselenide (WSe₂) chemiresistive gas sensor. Mixed phase WSe₂ microspheres were synthesized in a thermally controlled environment via a facile solvothermal method. Structural analysis using various characterization techniques confirmed the spherical flower-like morphology and presence of mixed phases. Further, a slight increase in the 1T′/2H ratio of WSe₂ showed a significant conductivity change, as confirmed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and two-terminal current voltage measurements. The sensing properties were investigated under varying relative humidity (40–90%) for two different devices made from WSe₂ synthesized at 200 and 220 °C, respectively. The sensing device created with WSe₂ synthesized at 200 °C exhibited response and recovery times of 157 and 68 s, respectively, for DMF (4 ppm). This device revealed a response of 2.77% toward 32 ppm DMF and a theoretically calculated limit of detection (LOD) of ∼114 ppb. The sensor created with WSe₂ synthesized at 220 °C displayed response and recovery times of 78 and 89 s, respectively, for aniline (3 ppm) under ambient conditions. This device exhibited a significant drop in response (0.04%) toward DMF in comparison to aniline and displayed a response of (1.07%) at room temperature with a calculated LOD of ∼250 ppb. The sensors showed higher resilience toward increased humidity levels. The absolutely clean, stable, and reproducible responses (2.35% and 1.61%) toward DMF and (0.9% and 0.66%) aniline vapors under relative humidities of 40% and 90%, respectively, confirm the durable behavior of the devices. The gas sensing mechanism was explained using appropriate energy level diagrams, as well as adequate surface reactions, which were then validated using the gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) approach. The present work emphasizes a straightforward and facile approach to develop 1T′/2H mixed phase WSe₂ for the dual detection of DMF and aniline under ambient conditions.