Enhancing cyber safety in e-learning environment through cybersecurity awareness and information security compliance: PLS-SEM and FsQCA analysis

E-learning has revolutionized education by increasing accessibility and flexibility, but it also presents unique cybersecurity challenges. This study explores how E-Learning Engagement, Cybersecurity Awareness, and Information Security Policy Compliance Influence Cyber Safety Measures among virtual learning students. Data were collected from 398 virtual learning students and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). The PLS-SEM results indicate that Cybersecurity Awareness and Information Security Policy Compliance significantly enhance Cyber Safety Measures. Additionally, E-Learning Engagement indirectly contributes to cyber safety through its positive influence on both cybersecurity awareness and policy compliance. The fsQCA results reveal that different pathways lead to improved cyber safety. For example, a high level of cybersecurity awareness combined with strong policy compliance consistently enhances cyber safety, even with moderate e-learning engagement. Alternatively, for students with lower cybersecurity awareness, active e-learning engagement paired with strict adherence to security policies also significantly improves cyber safety. These insights demonstrate that no single factor guarantees cyber safety; rather, multiple combinations of conditions can achieve positive outcomes. The study provides implications for educational institutions, highlighting the need for integrated strategies that combine enhancing student engagement with promoting cybersecurity awareness and enforcing information security policies to foster safer virtual learning environments.