A DFT study of doped first-row transition metals on Si12C12 nanocages as promising nanosensors for detecting volatile amines of fish spoilage

This study explores the potential of transition metal-doped Si₁₂C₁₂ nanocages for detecting volatile amines released during fish spoilage, using density functional theory (ωB97XD). The analysis focuses on structural stability, electronic properties, adsorption mechanisms, thermodynamics, sensitivity, and selectivity. Results indicate that TM doping enhances the adsorption of amines, with most interactions being spontaneous and exothermic. The trimethylamine∙∙∙TiSi₁₁C₁₂ complex exhibits particularly favorable thermodynamic properties. Sensitivity tests reveal that Cr, Cu, and Zn-doped nanocages demonstrate high responsiveness to trimethylamine at room temperature, with significant electronic property shifts upon adsorption. These findings highlight the potential of TM-doped Si₁₂C₁₂ nanocages as effective, selective, and sensitive sensors for monitoring volatile amines, aiding food quality control and fish freshness assessment. The study provides a theoretical basis for designing Si₁₂C₁₂-based gas sensors, contributing to advancements in food safety technology.