A Cross-Attention Multi-Scale Performer With Gaussian Bit-Flips for File Fragment Classification

File fragment classification is a crucial task in digital forensics and cybersecurity, and has recently achieved significant improvement through the deployment of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) compared to traditional handcrafted feature-based methods. However, CNN-based models exhibit inherent biases that can limit their effectiveness for larger datasets. To address this limitation, we propose the Cross-Attention Multi-Scale Performer (XMP) model, which integrates the attention mechanisms of transformer encoders with the feature extraction capabilities of CNNs. Compared to our conference work, we additionally introduce a new Gaussian Bit-Flip (GBFlip) method for binary data augmentation, largely inspired by bit flipping errors in digital system, improving the model performance. Furthermore, we incorporate a fine-tuning approach and demonstrate XMP adapts more effectively to diverse datasets than other CNN-based competitors without extensive hyperparameter tuning. Our experimental results on two public file fragment classification datasets show XMP surpassing other CNN-based and RCNN-based models, achieving state-of-the-art performance in file fragment classification both with and without fine-tuning. Our code is available at https://github.com/DominicoRyu/XMP_TIFS.