Biogenesis of stress granules and their role in the regulation of stress-induced male reproduction disorders.

Stress granules (SGs) are conserved messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) granules that form through rapid coalescence in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells under stressful environments. These dynamic membrane-free organelles can respond to a variety of both intracellular and extracellular stressors. Studies have shown that stress conditions such as heat stress, arsenite exposure, and hypoxic stress can induce SGs formation. The formation of SGs helps mitigates the effects of environmental stimuli on cells, protects them from damage, and promotes cell survival. This paper focuses on the biogenesis of SGs and summarizes the role in regulating environmental stress-induced male reproductive disorders, with the aim of exploring SGs as a potential means of mitigating male reproduction disorders. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the detrimental effects of environmental stress on germ cells can be effectively suppressed by regulating the formation and timely disassembly of SGs. Therefore, regulating the phosphorylation of eIF2α and the assembly and disassembly of SGs could offer a promising therapeutic strategy to alleviate the impacts of environmental stress on male reproduction health.