A mixed-methods systematic review of the effectiveness, acceptability and safety of self-acupuncture studies

Introduction

Ongoing acupuncture is not recommended by the National Institute for Heath and Care Excellence for managing long-term conditions. Self-acupuncture (SA) may offer a solution. This mixed-methods systematic review aims to identify and appraise the quality of SA studies and evaluate the acceptability, effectiveness, and safety of SA.

Methods

CINAHL, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane library databases were searched. We included studies evaluating SA for any condition, performed by a patient or their carer, written in any language and conducted at any time. We excluded studies where acupuncture needles were not inserted and where participants were not trained in SA. The methodological quality was appraised using the Mixed-Methods Assessment Tool. Data were extracted, categorised and synthesised.

Results

Twelve SA studies were identified, including 1 randomised, controlled trial; 1 mixed-methods feasibility study; 1 pilot of a randomised crossover study; 3 quantitative service reviews; 2 qualitative studies; 1 survey report; and 3 case reports, with a total of 378 participants. Four studies were of a high methodological quality. All studies assessing it found SA acceptable (n = 9) and effective (n = 9). Only one serious adverse effect was reported.

A strength of the review is that it is the first systematic review focused solely on SA. Limitations include the small number of studies and the lack of high-quality evidence.

Conclusions

There is a significant gap in high-quality SA research. Although SA appears acceptable and safe, more robust studies are needed to determine its effectiveness. If proven effective, SA could help patients manage long-term symptoms.