Antibiofilm and cytotoxic metabolites from the entomopathogenic fungus Samsoniella aurantia.

During the course of our studies on the secondary metabolism of rare, hitherto untapped Thai insect-associated fungi, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract derived from solid-state cultivation of Samsoniella aurantia on rice afforded one previously undescribed tetramic acid derivative, farinosone D (1), along with the known 2-pyridones, farinosones A (2) and B (3), and the known cyclodepsipeptides beauvericins A-C (4-6). All isolated compounds were assessed for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities while farinosones D (1) and A (2) were selected for biofilm inhibitory activity assay. Farinosone B (3) and beauvericins A-C (4-6) showed significant cytotoxic activities with IC₅₀ values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range against several mammalian cell lines. On the other hand, farinosone A (2), which lacked potent cytotoxic effects, revealed potent antibiofilm activity, inhibiting approximately 70% of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms at concentrations as low as 3.9 µg/mL.