Plasmin cleavage of β2-glycoprotein I alters its structure and ability to bind to pathogenic antibodies

Background

β2-Glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is the main autoantigenic target of antiphospholipid syndrome, with antibodies leading to clinical manifestations. There are 2 known structural isomers of β2GPI: a J shape and a circular shape. The transition between these structures is incompletely understood, with the functional implications unknown. β2GPI is a substrate of the protease plasmin, which cleaves within the fifth domain of β2GPI, leading to altered cellular binding. Very little is currently known regarding the structure and function of this protein variant. We present the first comprehensive structural characterization of plasmin-clipped β2GPI and the associated implications for pathogenic antibody binding to this protein.

Aim

To determine if cleavage of B2GPI by plasmin triggers structural change, and what this change may mean for antibody reactivity.

Methods

β2GPI was purified using an adapted acid-free process from healthy control plasma and cleaved with plasmin. Cleavage was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Structural characterization was undertaken using dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, ion mobility mass spectrometry, and molecular dynamics simulation. Activity was tested using inhibition of β2GPI enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with patient samples and cleaved β2GPI in the fluid phase and cellular binding by flow cytometry using human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Results

Dynamic light scattering revealed a significantly smaller hydrodynamic radius for plasmin-clipped β2GPI (P = .0043). Small-angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics analysis indicated a novel S-like structure of β2GPI only present in the plasmin-clipped sample, while ion mobility mass spectrometry showed different structure distributions in plasmin-clipped compared with nonclipped β2GPI. The increased binding of autoantibodies was shown for plasmin-clipped β2GPI (P = .056), implying a greater exposure of pathogenic epitopes following cleavage.

Conclusion

Cleavage of β2GPI by plasmin results in the production of a unique S-shaped structural conformation and higher patient antibody binding. This novel structure may increase the production of antibodies and explain the loss of binding to phospholipids described previously for plasmin-clipped β2GPI.