Green chemistry approaches in materials science: physico-mechanical properties and sustainable applications of grass fiber-reinforced composites

Escalating environmental crises have spurred research into biodegradable composites as sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials. Fibers from the grass family (Poaceae) are promising due to their renewable nature, lightweight and low-density structure, and favorable mechanical properties. This review highlights their potential to address the environmental and performance challenges of conventional materials, which also aligns with the principles of green chemistry. Grass fibers, derived from stems, leaves, and roots, are abundant, fast-growing, and eco-friendly. Rich in cellulose, they offer excellent reinforcement potential, especially when modified for improved fiber–matrix adhesion. Their desirable mechanical characteristics, including high tensile and flexural strength, make them suitable for applications in the automotive, construction, and packaging industries. Additionally, their biodegradability and sustainable sourcing help mitigate issues related to non-degradable plastics. This study examines their processing techniques and physico-mechanical properties while emphasizing barriers to adoption and the role they play in promoting sustainable material lifecycles as per the defined sustainable development goals.