Synergy of hybrid carbon electrode and differential pressure driven MAPbI3 crystal growth on the performance of mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

In recent years, the development of hole-conductor-free printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (PMPSCs) based on carbon electrodes has been observed with considerable rapidity. The high stability and potential scalability of these cells have made them attractive options for researchers in the field. However, the perovskite solution has a high permeability resistance in the deep oxide scaffold. Here, we show that the cooperation of hybrid carbon doped with NiO electrode and differential pressure driven MAPbI₃ crystal (DPDC) growth can effectively increase the hole extraction capability and effectively increase the perovskite loading amount in the oxide scaffold layer. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the best-performing PMPSCs fabricated using hybrid carbon electrode and DPDC reached 11.82 %, showing a 15.43 % increase in the PCE when compared with the ordinary devices. After 1000 h in ambient air conditions with a relative humidity of 30–70 %, the PMPSCs can still maintain 85 % of the initial PCE.