Meat replacers as part of sustainable food systems in Romania: A causal network model

The study contributes to the discourse on sustainable food systems by examining the multifaceted factors that influence the adoption of meat replacers. Based on the sustainable food system framework, the main objective was to develop a comprehensive model that explores the complex interactions among economic, socio-cultural, ethical, and environmental factors influencing the adoption, barriers, impacts, and long-term sustainability of meat replacers in Romania. Consequently, the resulting Causal Network Model provides a detailed understanding of the dynamics that influence the adoption of meat replacers in Romania. Inductive coding of the interviews highlighted opportunities and challenges, and the findings showed that economic incentives such as subsidies and research support could enhance market access. At the same time, high production costs and cultural resistance posed significant barriers. Participants raised concerns about the nutritional properties of plant-based alternatives and the health risks of highly processed meat replacers. Ethical considerations were emphasized, including the possible marginalization of small farmers due to the rise in industrial meat production. Despite the recognized environmental benefits, such as reduced carbon footprints, many participants were skeptical about the long-term sustainability of these products. This integrated approach underscores the need for a holistic understanding of the factors that drive and hinder the shift toward meat replacers.