The mythological and archaeological perspectives on penectomy and orchiectomy: The case of Cybele and Attis

Castration has been a significant theme in mythology, religious traditions, and historical practices, often symbolizing transformation, sacrifice, and divine punishment. While the term is frequently associated with orchiectomy (removal of the testes), this study argues that penectomy (removal of the penis) must also be considered, particularly in myths where the symbolic weight of castration extends beyond mere fertility loss. The myth of Cybele and Attis serves as a compelling example, raising questions about the intended nature of Attis' self-mutilation and its implications.