The burden and risk factors of chronic musculoskeletal disorders among artisanal and small-scale miners in rural Rwanda.

Objectives. In sub-Saharan Africa, mining employment continues to expose workers to a dangerous physical and psychosocial occupational environment. This study explored the prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and their risk factors among artisanal and small-scale miners. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in eastern Rwanda in November 2022. Self-reported MSDs were assessed using the modified Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. The study used χ² or t tests and multivariate analysis with backward stepwise selection for logistic regression to determine independent risk factors for chronic MSDs (lasting >3 months). Results. The prevalence of self-reported MSDs in the past week and chronic MSDs were 78.83% (n = 808 out of 1025) and 64.10% (n = 657), respectively. Higher odds of chronic MSD was significantly associated with employment length longer than 5 years, working in a high or very high intensity vibration and rock-drilling tasks. Rock-blasting tasks were associated with 38% lower odds for chronic MSDs. Discussion. Nearly 8 out of 10 artisanal and small-scale miners experienced MSDs. High-risk occupational characteristics increased the odds of chronic MSDs. Adoption of proper health and safety management systems, high standard mechanization, ergonomic training and better health-seeking behaviors may mitigate risks for MSDs in Rwanda and sub-Saharan Africa.